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Business Loan

A business loan is a financial product provided by banks and NBFCs to support business growth, operations, and expansion. Unlike personal loans, these are evaluated based on business performance, cash flow, creditworthiness, and project viability.

Types of Business Loans

Secured Business Loans

Require collateral such as real estate or machinery. They offer lower interest rates, higher loan amounts, and longer tenures due to reduced lender risk.

Unsecured Business Loans

No collateral required. Based on creditworthiness and turnover. Higher interest rates but faster processing and minimal documentation.

Term Loans

Provide a fixed loan amount with predefined repayment tenure. Used for working capital (short-term) or expansion (long-term).

Working Capital Loans

These loans support day-to-day operational expenses including salary payments, inventory management, and supplier payments during cash flow gaps.​

Equipment Finance

Specialized loans to purchase machinery where the equipment itself acts as collateral, helping manage cash flow while expanding operations.

Eligibility Criteria

To qualify, borrowers must meet specific requirements regarding age, vintage, and financial health.

Criteria Requirement
Age 21-24 years at application; Max 65-80 years at maturity.
Business Vintage Minimum 2-5 years operational history. Startups < 2 years typically face rejection.
Credit Score (CIBIL) 685-700+ preferred. Scores >750 get preferential rates. Below 650 often rejected.
Turnover Min Rs. 3 Lakh to Rs. 40 Lakh annually. Some lenders require Rs. 4-5 Lakh monthly sales.
Business Structure Sole proprietorships, Partnership firms (2+ years), Pvt Ltd, and MSMEs.
Cash Flow Must demonstrate positive cash generation and sustainable revenue patterns.
Debt-to-Income Ratio Keep your debt utilization ratio at or below 30% of your credit limit to avoid rejection, as lenders consider your total existing debt.

Documentation Checklist

KYC & Identity

  • PAN Card (Mandatory)
  • Aadhaar Card / Voter ID / Passport / Driving License
  • Current Address Proof (Utility/LPG/Telephone bills, Rent agreement)
  • Rental agreement or registered lease deed
  • 4 Recent Passport Size Photos
  • Bank statements showing residential address
  • Property tax receipts

Business Proof

  • Business Registration / Trade License
  • GST Registration Certificate
  • MSME/Udyog Aadhaar Certificate
  • Shop and Establishment Act Certificate (if applicable)
  • Partnership deed (if applicable)
  • Articles of Association and Memorandum (for companies)

Financial Documents

  • Audited Financials (Balance Sheet, P&L) for last 2-3 years
  • ITR for last 2-3 years (Business & Personal)
  • Bank Statements (Last 6-12 months)
  • Tax Audit Reports (if turnover > Rs. 1 Cr)
  • Cash Flow statements for the past 2 years
  • Working capital statement

Collateral & Supporting Documents

  • Property Title Deeds & Tax Receipts
  • Property Valuation Report
  • Business Plan with Projections
  • Details of existing loans and repayment schedules
  • Signature verification letter from current bankers
  • Property tax receipts
  • Proof of no encumbrances on collateral
  • Insurance certificates for collateral assets
  • NOC from existing mortgage holders

Interest Rates (Dec 2025)

Rates vary based on creditworthiness, loan amount, and collateral. Processing fees typically range from 1-4%.

Public Sector Banks

Bank Interest Rate Range
State Bank of India (SBI)9.10% - 11.55%
Bank of Baroda7.25% - 13.50%
Canara Bank9.50% - 11.55%
Union Bank of India9.55% - 12.10%
Bank of India10.20% - 12.95%
IDBI Bank8.05% - 13.45%
Punjab National Bank15.00% - 25.00%

Private Sector Banks

Bank Interest Rate Range
HDFC Bank10.75% - 22.50%
Kotak Mahindra Bank9.50% - 30.50%
ICICI Bank16.00% - 22.00%
Axis Bank15.00% - 19.25%
YES Bank15.99% - 24.25%
IndusInd Bank15.99%
Federal Bank11.10% - 17.95%
CITI Bank12.00% - 18.00%
DCB Bank9.95% - 19.50%

NBFCs & Fintech

Institution Interest Rate Range
Tata Capital12.00% - 26.00%
Bajaj Finserv14.00% - 25.00%
Aditya Birla Capital20.00% - 26.00%
Muthoot Fincorp9.00% - 12.00%
Poonawalla Fincorp9.00% - 15.00%
Shriram Finance12.00% - 42.00%
Indifi Capital18.00% onwards
LendingKart13.50% onwards
IDFC FIRST Bank12.99% onwards
Flexiloans12.00% onwards
UGRO Capital9.00% - 36.00%
Muthoot Finance15.00% - 36.00%

Collateral & Loan-to-Value (LTV)

Acceptable Collateral

  • Real Estate: Residential, Commercial, Land (Preferred for lower risk).
  • Machinery: Operational equipment; value depends on depreciation.
  • Inventory: Raw materials or finished goods (Common for retailers).
  • Receivables: Outstanding customer invoices.
  • Vehicles and Automobiles: Business vehicles are eligible collateral, valued by age, condition, brand, and demand.
  • Personal Assets of Business Owners: Personal assets (property, gold, investments) and a personal guarantee.

Factors Affecting LTV

  • Property type and depreciation risk.
  • Borrower creditworthiness and credit score
  • Collateral marketability and liquidity.
  • Lender's risk appetite and policies.
  • Geographical location of collateral.
  • Note: Lower LTV (e.g., 50%) reduces lender risk; Higher LTV (e.g., 80%) increases exposure.

Maximum LTV Ratios (RBI Guidelines)

Asset Type Max LTV Ratio
Commercial Property60% - 75%
Residential Property50% - 70%
Industrial/Warehouse60% - 70%
Hospitality/Specialized Properties55% - 65%
Gold LoansUp to 75%
Loans Against SharesUp to 50%
Machinery & Equipment40% - 60%
Inventory40% - 50%

Key Financial Metrics & Structuring

Debt Service Coverage Ratio (DSCR)

Measures ability to pay debt from operating income.
Formula: Net Operating Income / Total Debt Service.

Interpretation

  • DSCR > 1.25: Healthy (Preferred)
  • DSCR = 1.0: Break-even
  • DSCR < 1.0: High Risk

Debt-to-Equity Ratio

This ratio measures capital structure, comparing total liabilities to shareholder equity.
Formula: Total Liabilities / Total Shareholders’ Equity.

Interpretation

  • Lower Ratio (0.5-1.0): Healthier capital structure; lenders view favorably as debt is balanced with equity
  • Higher Ratio (>2.0): Company relies heavily on debt; increased default risk and reduced borrowing capacity
  • Moderate Ratio (1.0-1.5): Acceptable leverage; indicates reasonable financial management

Debt-to-Asset Ratio

This ratio calculates the percentage of assets financed through debt.
Formula: (Total Liabilities / Total Assets) × 100

Interpretation

  • Ratio < 50%: Indicates the company owns more assets than debts, demonstrating financial stability and lower default risk.

Net Profit Margin

This profitability metric indicates the percentage of revenue retained as profit.
Formula: (Net Profit / Revenue) × 100

Significance

  • Higher margins indicate strong cash flow and better debt repayment probability. Lenders compare margins across industry peers to assess relative profitability performance.

Current Ratio (Working Capital Ratio)

The current ratio measures short-term liquidity and ability to meet current obligations.
Formula: Current Assets / Current Liabilities

Interpretation

  • Ratio > 1.0: Company has sufficient current assets to cover current liabilities
  • Ratio < 1.0: Potential liquidity concerns; difficulty meeting short-term obligations

Cash Flow to Net Income Ratio

This metric assesses earnings quality and cash generation capability.
Formula: Operating Cash Flow / Net Income

Interpretation

  • A ratio above 1.0 indicates the company generates more cash than accounting profit, suggesting sustainable earnings quality.

Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR)

This ratio measures the company's ability to absorb unexpected losses.
Formula: (Tier 1 Capital + Tier 2 Capital) / Risk-Weighted Assets

Interpretation

  • A higher ratio indicates strong capital position, providing financial cushion against business downturns and increasing lender confidence.

Loan Structuring Strategies

Match Loan Tenure to Cash Flow Cycles

Choose a loan tenure that mirrors your cash flow—longer for seasonal stability, shorter for working capital, and extended for major expansion—to ease repayment pressure.

Collateral Mix

Combine real estate and equipment to meet requirements while minimizing risk.

Phased Disbursement

For projects, release funds based on milestones to reduce interest burden.

Balloon Payments

Lower initial EMIs with a large final payment; ideal for startups expecting growth.

Interest-Only Period

Negotiate a 6-12 month moratorium on principal repayment during project setup.

Debt Subordination Arrangement

Arrange debt subordination to prioritize a primary loan over others, securing its approval without closing existing credit lines.

Security Enhancement

Pairing collateral with personal, director, or third-party guarantees strengthens loan security and can lead to more favorable interest rates.

Flexible Repayment Structures

Negotiate variable EMI structures where repayments adjust with business cash flow (higher during peak seasons, lower during lean periods).​

Conclusion

Securing a business loan requires preparation. Understanding DSCR, LTV, and collateral requirements allows you to approach lenders with confidence. Maintaining excellent credit scores and accurate financial records is key to accessing capital for growth.

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